#4 / 2015

The comparative analysis is made of the world picture objectivation by means of a somatic phrasemics in such genetically and typologically various lingual systems, as the Russian and Arabic languages. The phrasemes of the Russian and Arabic languages containing word-somatisms in the component structure have become the object of research. The goal of this work is to reveal specifcs of the semantic content of concepts of an autochthonic picture of the world, verbalized by the Russian and Arabic phrasemes with a somatic component heart. To achieve this goal, the comparative method in conjunction with the author’s developed technique of the cognitive and culturological analysis is used. This allows expansion of possibilities of typological research on idiomatics of the languages with different structure. Topical in the undertaken research is search for ways to defne the value - semantic autochthony of the Russian and Arabic lingual culture and original formation of a system of moral, ethical and esthetic preferences of this or that nation, as well as features of its mentality. Results of research of a somatic phrasemics of the Russian and Arabic languages develop idea of integration of a cognitive culturological component in typological research of an ethnic language picture of the world.

15-20.pdf

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The paper discusses the genesis of implicit sense as a result of the interaction between the expression plane and content plane of a language symbol. Methodological base is identifcation of the mechanism of interpretation of the «implicit» content having the cognitive - logical and cognitive - semiotic nature that is of universal, typological character. As a result, two sides of the implicit content are singled out: the formal, called in work as evocative form, and the communicative or affecting one, called as the implicative form. The author sheds a new light on evocativeness as a property of a certain type of a discourse or speech which is based on intentional coding (implication) and leads to creation of a special evocative form aimed at the evocation of implicit content in linguistic form. The practical importance assumes detection of correlation of evocativeness with such language / speech categories as an implicitness and indirection. Also, evocativeness as function of a form, sending to the implicit content, is regarded as a genre-forming category.

21-27.pdf

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The paper examines lacunarity phenomenon, its nature and typology in terms of cognitive linguistics. The authors focus on the lacunary units refecting social processes, cultural traditions of the people and ethnic features. The goal of this work is to make a comparative analysis of the language and culturological properties of lacunas in cross-cultural communication on the basis of materials of the Russian, German and Adyghe languages. Relevance of the lacuna analysis in the different system languages and cultures does not raise doubts because in the modern world there is an active development of informatization and globalization, strengthening of cross-cultural communication and related mutual understanding problems. Dialogue of cultures is often complicated owing to existence of the gaps in communication caused by a large number of the sociocultural lacunas having the different character and reasons of emergence and demanding different ways of their flling. Special attention is paid to the ways of elimination of lacunas arising in the course of cross-cultural communication in the languages under study. The comparative typological method is applied. The scientifc and practical importance of this work is defned by nature of identifcation of concept of a lacuna, fxing national and cultural specifcs of the compared languages and cultures. The conclusion is drawn that specifcs of ethnic consciousness fnd its expression in language and in cultural lacunas which possess independent value and bear considerable part of semantic loading of the message.

28-34.pdf

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The aim of the paper is to explore the author’s image in the coordinates of the literary text modality, as well as its correlative relationships and functionality in the production of semantic space of a literary text. This study establishes the relationship of the author’s image and the «point of view» from the position of their transformation at the level of modal plans. The main methods used in this research are a cognitive-semantic analysis and the linguistic interpretation. The research methodology allows identifying features of literary text modality as a determinant of artistic communication. The author as a producer of a literary text and the subject of speech (narrator / storyteller) correlates hard at different levels of the texts. This generates both direct and indirect representation of the author’s modality. The results of this research can help in comprehension of the specifcs of the text modality as a synthesis of reference and subjective evaluative modality.

35-39.pdf

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The paper deals with the communicative aspect of political interview which is considered one of the most popular genres of modern newspaper journalism. The aim of this work is to describe communicative techniques, or the actions of the journalist interviewer focused not only on disclosure of the personality of the interlocutor, but also on rendering pragmatic impact on reader’s audience. In political interview, the specifying and initiating techniques are widespread. Among the initiating techniques prevalent are affrmative statements, emergence of which in the dialogical speech is caused by personifcation of journalistic activity. The initiating techniques, which often contain an assessment, can have an ironical form. Methods of a discourse analysis, the contextual and comparative analysis are used. A study of communicative techniques in interview is of scientifc and practical importance because it makes a contribution to research of the communicative and pragmatic aspect of the modern newspaper speech which is among the relevant directions of mass communication. The conclusion is drawn that the use of communicative techniques promotes increasing effect of pragmatic infuence.

40-44.pdf

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The paper focuses on the “chapsch” ancient mythic ritual ceremony. The functional feld of the “chapsch” songs is investigated. As a result of the analysis, functions of the frst row - magic, healing, and carnival - and of the second row – esthetic, communicative, emotional, pragmatic, entertaining and euphemistic - are revealed and characterized. This work is of scientifc and practical importance due to its innovative character related to detection of multifunctionality of the healing songs of the “chapsch” ancient folklore ceremony and classifcation expansion of the bewitching songs. Methods of historical literary, comparative typological and culturological research of works of folklore are used. The conclusion is drawn about variety of a semiotic feld of the «chapsch» ceremonial songs which are characterized as the multifunctional symbols promoting interest both to multicultural space of the people of the Russian Federation, and to culture of its own people.

45-50.pdf

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We propose to interpret the translation as a sphere of a materialization of cross-cultural divergences and actualization of the potential of lingual cultural interaction. The problems related to taking into account features of a literary translation and specifcs of the initial and accepting cultures are examined. Questions of homogeneity and heterogeneity of a cultural component of verbal artistic information from translation position are disclosed. Special attention is paid to an intertextuality phenomenon, one of the manifestations of which is the use by the translator, on conscious (or subconscious) basis, of case texts of the accepting culture at a choice of the translation decision. Effciency of the concept «translation space» is substantiated. The translation is treated as the transitional («transit») zone uniting languages and cultures. Specifc examples of culturally caused discrepancies of the content of artistic images in the original work and in the translation connected with implicit aspect of information and connotations are shown. The technique of the comparative translation analysis of texts of the original and translation is used. It is proved that transformations of the text in a literary translation are connected not only with inevitable interlingual and cultural divergences, but also with orientation of the translator to case texts of the accepting culture. The conclusion, important for practice of a literary translation, is drawn that the reconstruction by the translator of deep lines of poetics of the original work depends also on his competence in the sphere of culture and on profound knowledge of native literature.

51-55.pdf

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The paper examines specifcs of interrelation and interaction of language of functions of regulatory formulas as production of legal thinking for pragmatic approach through a prism of primary and secondary texts. The object of research is the law discourse and the law application discourse which fx priorities of human rights, as well as legal, social, structural and functional felds of language space. This work is aimed at describing one of the most important aspects of a legal framework, namely: protection of fundamental legal values. In the conditions of formation of legal discourse space this aspect gains additional traits therefore demands separate consideration. Analytical, synthetic, synchronous and structural methods are used. A study of the law and law application discourse through a prism of functions of primacy/secondariness of the text promotes acquisition of qualitative potential for research of «human factor» manifestations in language space, which is a relevant and new approach. This approach introduces knowledge in development process, determining activity to a certain degree that allows one to go beyond standard and empirical limits, connecting among themselves knowledge of primacy of functions of the law discourse and cognitive resources to use functions of law application discourse. Under modern conditions of legal reform the functions of the law and law application discourse have powerful potential in a legal framework due to interrelation, interaction and interpenetration of primary and secondary text structures which act as the forming aspect for establishment of qualitative precepts of law and their realization in language space.

56-62.pdf

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The paper discusses the communication features caused by an institutional situation, in particular, an interrogation to analyze speech behavior of the investigator and to reveal separate aspects of his language personality. The material of research comprises videos of the interrogations carried out by investigators of the Investigative Committee of the Republic of Adyghea. The language personality of the investigator is referred to as the assembly of people generalizing characteristics of speech behavior of group of the people who are carrying out identical social function. Possibilities are shown to create an abstract model of the language personality by means of synthesis of the characteristics of speech behavior which are the general for investigators whose speech behavior was recorded on video and was analyzed. A method of scientifc supervision, the discourse analysis and analysis of speech behavior are used. This work is of scientifc and practical importance and relevance due to lack of comprehensive investigation of such kind of institutional communication as interrogation. The undertaken analysis of features of speech behavior of the investigator under conditions of interrogation makes a certain contribution to linguistic pragmatics in an aspect of the language personality concept and his speech behavior and to sociolinguistics. The conclusion is drawn about a variety of forms of demonstration of various aspects of the language personality of the investigator during interrogation.

63-66.pdf

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The aim of this work is to study key parameters of implementation of intertextuality in the detective text. The methodology of research is based on synthesis of lingual, cultural, cognitive and literary approaches that allow adequate estimation of the role of intertextuality in formation of semantic space of the detective text in a postmodern. Defning in the organization of intertextuality is a heading, citing, hints and reminiscences allowing the author to play with the reader thereby specifying and deepening implication of the literary text. Disclosure of mechanisms of intertextuality corroborates that the text prototype gains new qualities in other context, thereby demonstrating the principle of «double optics». The literary text is characterized by complex system of the intertextual relations enabling us to perceive it as unity of substantial and formal levels. The intertextuality includes this text in culture space, retransmitting cultural meanings of various eras. The intertextual character of the text is defned by its heading either as hints or as direct citing. The major factor defning impact of the citation on the recipient of the text is to what extent it is known to people, otherwise interpretation of the literary text is complicated or impossible on the whole. This work is of importance because its results can be used in studying the literary text in a modern linguistic paradigm in cognitive pragmatic and lingual cultural aspects.

67-72.pdf

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The paper deals with the problem of correlation of etymological meaning and inner form of idioms containing numerological component within motivational and comparative analysis. The research covers the study of the internal form of numerological phraseological units of four different-system languages: Russian, Kabardino-Circassian, English and French. Identifcation and characterization of the etymological meaning of numerical components in idioms are relevant in terms of content and further development of the semantics. The material of study includes phraseological units containing a numerical component which were extracted by the sampling method from idiom dictionaries of Russian, Kabardino- Circassian, English and French. The analysis of the factual material shows that internal form of numerological phraseological units refects national cultural peculiarity of linguistic picture of the world.

73-77.pdf

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The paper deals with art time of the imagined world which is created by means of the author’s imagination, is determined by his outlook and axiological system and is caused by esthetic tasks. The object of research is art time acting as sequence in the description of events and simultaneously – time of a narration and time of an event. Therefore it is exposed to natural transformation. In the literary text time can be used in two plans: the long periods can fy imperceptibly, and moments extend or entirely stop, especially in the description of key events in life of characters. The aim of this paper is to describe specifcs of function- ing of a concept Time in the detective text. Analytical synthetic and interpretative methods are used. Much attention is paid, frst of all, to detective discourse space which is built as a number of micro subjects having a cognitive model as a psycholinguistic correlate. We see in it relevance of this research because cognitive models in the detective text explicitate in the form of frames, scenarios, schemes, plans, situational models and concepts, capable to act as an initial postulate of invariant signs of the texts referred to the concrete reference sphere. The detective text, therefore, incorporates the meaningful concepts forming a con- cept sphere, semiosis in this system being refected specifcally.

78-82.pdf

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The paper discusses different sources explaining an origin of ethnonyms «Adyghe» and «Circassian». The word «Adyghe» is considered to be the self-name of the Adyghe people, and the second – «Circassian» – an introduced name. Objects of research are statements of both the national and foreign authors who were engaged in studying ethnic history and language of the people related to the Adyghes. Also oral and poetic national sources are attracted. The goal of this research is to establish the original historical sequence of emergence and functioning of the word names «Adyghe» and «Circassian». Recognizing a national (Adyghe) origin, we note that the term «Adyghe» has more ancient origin (about more than two thousand years), than the word «Circassian», which formed in the Meotic environment (approximately in the 8th-7th centuries BC) during a Cimmerian era – the period of formation of a core of the Nart heroic epos. Comparative historical, comparative and typological methods of research are used. Legitimacy of existence of different versions on this point is admitted. It is inferred that a profound study on this problem taking into account all existing sources, both historical and modern, is needed to establish genesis and further functioning of the word names «Adyghe» and «Circassian». This is of undoubted practical interest.

83-86.pdf

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This paper examines a genre of the culinary essay, new to the Russian mass communication, to describe the lingual culturological features of culinary travels of the writer and publicist A. Genis. His concept is related to representation of ethnic cuisine as an element of historical and cultural traditions. It is noted that culinary travels have not only culturological, but ethnoimagological prospect since in texts of this genre not only an image of the author, but also an image of Another is present. Methods of the stylistic, contextual and culturological analyses are used. The conclusion is drawn that the unity of spiritual and material, shown in the essay of A. Genis, refects close connection between national character and national food. The practical importance consists in complex research of one of the most popular genres of the literature promoting increasing interest in food as to a culture artifact. Research makes a contribution to the actual directions of modern linguistics: a lingual culturology, ethnolinguistics and media stylistics.

87-91.pdf

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Literary Criticism

The paper deals with the problems of apperception specifcs of Balkar poetry, in particular, sensitive fullness of shaped national perceptions. The object of study is the verses of Balkar poets, which include the ontological symbolism, being genetically traced back to the folk worldview and German romanticism. The goal of this article is to examine how the national artistic thinking builds a new type of materialized view in Balkar poetry. A historical typological method is used. Much attention is paid, frst of all, to the sensitivity of ethnically marked shaped units and aesthetic thinking. Putting a question in this way allowed the author to build up a tonal range of evolutionary types of shaped structures with a marked «physical» content and to show that they in their artistic, aesthetic form prove to be a major component of consciousness and outlook of the Balkarian people, ensuring preservation of specifcity and national identity of ethnic verbal tradition.

92-97.pdf

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The subject of transformations in I.A. Brodsky’s poetry is brought to the forefront of this research. The object of research is poetic works, comprising three levels: comparisons, identifcation transformations and metamorphoses. The goal of research is to analyze the central question of poetry: metamorphoses in the context of mythological, folklore and literary traditions. The motive analysis, dialectic and hermeneutic methods are used. The scientifc and practical importance and relevance of this study are caused by innovative character of a perspective, its poor-studied character and lack of researches on its poetic heritage related to folklore, myths, ancient art and the world literature. The main conclusion is that the most ancient problem of metamorphoses tracing the roots back to myths, fairy tales, bylinas and literary works can be called one of the fundamental in poetry of the author and can be analyzed, according to our hypothesis, as one of three levels.

98-103.pdf

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The paper focuses on specifc features of an image of the «Gothic» villain in work of M.G. Lewis «Monk». An analysis is made of portrait and psychological characteristics of the main hero of «Monk», and the main problems of the good and evil, a crime and punishment, belief and religion, loneliness and freedom, love and passion. A study is made of the system of «Gothic» motives: secrets of an origin of the hero, irresistible fate, an incest, prosecution and communication with a devil. Methods of historical literary, textual and culturological research of literary works are used. The scientifc and practical importance and relevance of work are defned by poor study of system of images of «Gothic» work. The main are conclusions that Lewis provides the «Gothic» villain with the dialectics of soul which is expressed in infnite fght of mixed feelings. The author does not portray the traditional «Gothic», but refexing, passionate and contradictory villain, in soul and thoughts of whom there is a fght of the Good and Evil. As a result, the hero comes to irresolvable confict which is by all means connected with the victims, death of these or those indisputable humanistic values and his moral falling.

104-110.pdf

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An analysis is made of typological laws of national literature of the 1920s – 1930s. The goal of this paper is to study features of the Adyghe literary and publisictic prose of this period and its relationships with Russian literature. Objectives of the presented work are the analysis and synthesis of the problematic thematic contents and art features of documentary prose of the Adyghe, Kabardian and Circassian writers, identifcation of genre versions of an essay, article and the feuilleton and the characteristic of typological and contact relationships with the Soviet, frst of all, Russian literature. Abundance of small operational genres of literary and publicistic prose at the initial stage of development of newly created literatures related to social and historical changes of reality is demonstrated. The subject and features of a form of an essay, article and the feuilleton in creativity of initiators of national literatures are defned. Similar ideological and esthetic searches in the Russian prose caused by common conditions of development are formulated. Various relationships of young newly created literatures and the Russian literature with a wide experience and rich traditions are designated. It is inferred that the literary and publicistic prose is of great importance for formation of original national cultures. The character and a role of contact and typological relationships, sources and the nature of bilingual creativity are disclosed.

111-117.pdf

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The place of a genre of the story in works of the Adyghe writer Kh.Ashinov is identifed. The object of research is stories of Kh. Ashinov, the prose writer of the 1960s. The goal of this research is to analyze works of a «small» genre. Having focused on a story genre at the beginning of the literary activity, and then having continued this work in the 1960s, the writer approved a new type of the story in the Adyghe literature, having brought the skill of the story- teller to perfection. Research of features of the writer’s stories in the context of development of the whole literary process makes this work relevant. Comparative typological and textual methods of research are used. The scientifc and practical importance of this work lies in showing the evolution of the genre in the writer’s creativity, determination of art and thematic features and the use of these results in the study of the writer’s prose and in drawing up training courses on the Adyghe literature. The conclusion is drawn that the genre of the story occupies the dominant place in prose of Kh. Ashinov and that features of one of the prominent stages of renewal and development of national literature are refected in these stories.

118-122.pdf

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Specifcity of the works of Mikhail Elizarov in the collection «Box of Bricks» is examined for the purpose of identifying the artistic techniques which are relevant for understanding of ideological level of concrete texts and creativity of the writer in general. Various approaches to the philological analysis are applied. Within system approach we used structural, historical and literary methods and techniques of literary and critical interpretation of texts. Aspiration to a factual account and the maximum reliability in showing reality shapes special structure of Elizarov’s stories imitating the human document: the protocol of interrogation, the criminal chronicle, the reporting, the autobiography, the report or testimony. The pseudo-documentary principle of these works is needed to implement the author’s strategy: refusal of direct didacticism as attempt «to wake» contemporary’s consciousness. It is proved that formation of a reader’s assessment is promoted by the «ophthalmologic code» of the book defning philosophical implication of works. The importance of a heading complex is directly connected with this: the author rejects the idea of game and manipulation with human consciousness not only at household, but also at the ideological and state levels. The scientifc importance and relevance of the present work are defned by its innovative character since Mikhail Elizarov’s prose has not received an objective assessment in modern literary criticism yet. Independent work on the analysis of art material is carried out and its critical evaluations are summarized. The practical importance of research lies in possibility of using its results in drawing up the training courses dedicated to history of Russian modern literature and further studying creativity of Mikhail Elizarov.

123-127.pdf

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Journalism

The paper is devoted to the philosophical, sociological, linguistic and other approaches to understanding the communicative space as a socio-cultural phenomenon. The author analyzes the views of researchers on the correlation between communicative, media and cultural spaces. The analysis of a wide range of sources allows the author to identify the main characteristics of the modern communicative space. Those are the multidimensionality and variability. The major problem of functioning is interaction in a situation of spatial «gaps», and the understanding, which is related to value aspects of the communicative space. According to the author, «building the physical and cultural bridges» is connected with the expansion of axiological dimensions of global communicative space, since both the interaction and understanding are primarily faced with value differences and conficts. The author considers the values of culture, dialogue and the pairing values to be the key to resolve the problems.

128-136.pdf

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An attempt is undertaken to examine the importance of manipulative actions of mass media in formation of public opinion in order to analyze its information and communicative role in this process. There are a lot of subjects organizing information stream in mass media and each of them has its own interests and, which is the most important, the right to uphold its position to give an assessment to events. We see relevance of research in this. In the course of the analysis, as we know, information is not only transferred from a communicator to the recipient, it is still shaped, specifed and develops, therefore it is necessary to consider specifcs of information exchange process, in particular, increasing role of the so- called subjective factor in a modern situation. There is no journalism in pure form as the objective informing on the facts of reality that is connected with psychological features of the person. The theoretical and practical importance of research is that it makes a certain contribution to the theory of journalistic creativity. The journalism from its origin was urged to infuence minds and it continues to do this now, actively forming public opinion. To achieve communicative success, various techniques are used, therefore it is important for the journalist to master the techniques and methods of creation of the text in journalism.

137-141.pdf

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Folkloristics

The incantation texts related to magic notions and beliefs of the Adyghes are explored to defne their art specifcs. The incantation complex comprising the text, ritual action and subjects is the object of research. Availability of developed microlexicon indicates that the incantation tradition of the Adyghes is widely represented both in the historical territory and in diaspora. Nevertheless, this subject remains poor-studied in the Adyghe modern science. Of scientifc interest is the determination of specifcs of magic images and subject motives, as well as the degree of interrelation and interconditionality of the verbal text and a ritual context of incantations. That is why this research seems to be relevant. Structural functional and comparative typological approaches cleared variability level of the incantation texts. Use of such feld methods as the included supervision and conversation interview allowed the author to reveal not only data carriers, but also the expert healers capable to remove a malefce and to treat for stings of a snake and spider. The author comes to a conclusion that the art originality of the Adyghe incantations is defned by originality of poetic diction, and by the structure consisting of a poetic introduction, the description of ritual action, the address to the wrecker with a request or damnations, a clip and an enumerative row with a prayerful ending. Tens of incantation texts introduced into scientifc circulation allow enlarging a research feld of ceremonial culture, thereby defning the scientifc and practical importance of work.

142-147.pdf

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Study of Arts

Color is examined as the physical phenomenon capable to cause certain psychoemotional conditions of the person. The purpose of this paper is to uncover impact of color on the emotional feelings of the person. Special attention is focused on disclosure of ideological concept of artistic or music work by means of a color system. Formation of color associations and parallels is studied both in painting and music. Synesthesia is considered as the color hearing peculiar both to musicians and artists. The analysis of experiments of color feelings of a sound is carried out both among musicians and artists. The method of culturological, comparative and typological research of works of music and art is used. The scientifc and practical importance and relevance are defned by the innovative character connected with synthesis of arts in the context of use of color as means of expression of an emotional state of the person. The conclusion is drawn that synthesis of arts is a powerful tool to express an ideological intention in the course of creation of a picturesque work and a piece of music, and that the integrative training in the fne arts and music is of great importance.

148-154.pdf

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The paper deals with the features of musical poetic composition of the poor-studied genres of the Doukhobors’ singing tradition. The object of study is correlation of the text and tune in the Doukhobors’ spiritual chants, and its subject includes the principles of coordination of these components in a «psalm», one of the genres of a religious circle. The goal of this study is to detect laws in the Doukhobors’ singing the poetic text. To reach this goal, the structure of the poetic text and melo-stanzas of a tune are explored, and the character of their correlation and degree of interconditionality are established. The scientifc and practical importance and relevance are defned by the innovative character connected with application of the structural analysis in studying singing genres of the Doukhobors’ tradition. As a result of the undertaken analysis it is established that partitioning of a verse of the «psalm» is variable. Thanks to this we have come to a conclusion that the structure of the poetic text is subjected to the tune: division into three constructions is standard for structure of a melo-stanza in all psalms, basic are initial and fnal constructions in bringing the text; in median construction its partitioning and singing varies freely. We believe that graphic shaping of the text in hand-written notebooks refects a syntactic autonomy of a tune and the verbal text.

155-160.pdf

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An analysis of chamber vocal lyrics of the 16th-19th centuries was used as an example to put forward a hypothesis that presence of the interlocutor is the leading trait of a concept «the personal space» in music. The goal of this work is to show techniques of personifcation of the interlocutor’s image, as well as to identify ways of marking personal space of the interlocutor in music. The objective of this research is to fnd out, which models of negative states are of interest to composers of the 16th-19th centuries and how is the personal space of the hero and his interlocutor modeled in them. Essential is an opportunity of disclosing spatial semantics of archetypic intonations by showing the change of intonation importance caused by changing direction of the melodic movement in it. We intend to reveal and theoretically prove the varieties of formal models of social interaction existing in music. During research methods of proxemics, hermeneutics and the intonation analysis of music are used. This study shows that presence of the interlocutor in a piece of music can be designated by genre, tonality, harmony, intonation, thematic and texture contrast in relation to an image of the main hero, as well as by marking one’s own spatial position that proves to be the dominating feature of a concept «personal space» of the personality in music. This is confrmed by demonstrating the genesis and fxing negative semantics of intonation of the order in music. The practical value of work is defned by identifcation of variations of personifcation techniques and ways of marking personal space depending on the character of interaction refected in music.

161-166.pdf

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The paper explores the infuence of psychological properties of the personality on his musical creativity (F. Chopin and F. Liszt’s music was taken as an example). The goal of this paper is to compare psychological antipodes of two composers. As a result, style features, the ideological contents, a fgurative system and composers’ handwriting are distinctly established. The knowledge of these features allows a competent interpretation of works and the creation of that image which is put by the composer. Relevance lies in that the psychological and autobiographical aspects dominate in art of composers of the romantic direction. These aspects are related to self-disclosure of the author the understanding of which allows the performer to competently interpret the performed work. Exact defnition of a correlation of work with its author and writing time, as well as the consideration of all style lines in the course of work, directly depend on the traditions which developed in this culture. It is inferred that penetration of the personal principles of the creator into an art feld of work becomes the main source of its contents and shaping.

167-172.pdf

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This work explores the historical dynamics of spiritual chants of the Doukhobors and Molokans using an example of one of the territorial variants of confessional cultures. The goal is the comparative analysis and an assessment of state of singing component of religious rituals at the present stage of existence. The practical importance of research is defned by identifcation of the factors promoting preservation or the accelerated tradition retardation that allows using the obtained results in studies of other cultures. The scientifc importance of work is connected with establishment of basic possibility of shaping various scenarios of development of transformational processes in related oral traditions. Interdisciplinary approach and methods of feld and comparative research and the theory of historical dynamics are used. Smaller liability to modernization is characteristic of the singing tradition of the Molokans guided by written initial texts of the Bible: the developed repertoire, the mixed structure of choruses, features of structure of a singsong and the melodic-polyphonic feature of psalms are kept. A renewal was expressed in use of texts in Russian translation. In religious practice of the Doukhobors there is a tendency to reduce a share of the sung texts and increase the readable ones. The women participants defne the repertoire «lyricalization» due to replacement of psalms by verses and spiritual songs; the folklorization of a singing manner is observed. Research allowed identifcation of the distinctions in the course of adaptation of culture to modern conditions determined by features of social history and confession of belief. The general universal tendencies in transformation of tradition are found: informatization, change in the mechanism of transmission and age cyclicity of spiritual chants. Experience in comparative studying their functioning in religious rituals of the Doukhobors and Molokans in national science is undertaken now for the frst time.

173-179.pdf

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Academic musicology increasingly expands its borders, involving new and little explored, but potentially rich areas, dictated by modern society, into research interests, one of which is the rock music recording. This paper explores one of the most important musical legal issues of rock music recording – bootlegging – as a countercultural social phenomenon. In the world of music there is an array of multi-level information on a bootleg, which requires a scientifc analysis and classifcation. This is the main purpose of this publication. Historical-genetic and terminological methods are used to analyze the origin and various meanings of concept «bootleg». The musicological method is used to fnd out the subgenre boundaries of the unoffcial releases in the illegal recording. The classifcation method is used to propose typology of bootlegs. In addition, the characteristic features of bootlegs are identifed. Similarities and differences with other types of informal phonographic products are defned. The meaning of terms “offcial bootleg” and “unoffcial bootleg” is disclosed. Legal assessment of bootleg releases with rock music recordings is provided. The main conclusion is that the “bootlegging” is one of the specifc types of “music piracy”, which has its own communication features. The relevance of the publication is that the structure of the music recording contains a special bootlegging sector, which is a system problem, the best solution of which has not been found yet. The novelty of the research is related to establishment of a communication system elements of rock, since the origins of the universality of this musical direction is rooted in the music industry and in the phenomena of a wide public plan.

180-185.pdf

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